Supreme Court of India
Fuleshwar Gope vs Union Of India on 23 September, 2024
Author: Sanjay Karol
Bench: Sanjay Karol, C.T. Ravikumar
2024 INSC 718 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO…………2024 (Arising out of SLP(Crl.) No.4866 of 2023) FULESHWAR GOPE ... APPELLANT(S) VERSUS UNION OF INDIA & ORS. ... RESPONDENT(S) JUDGMENT
SANJAY KAROL, J.
Leave granted.
2. Impugned in this appeal by special leave is a judgment of the High Court
of Jharkhand at Ranchi dated 21st March, 2023 in W.P.(Crl.) No.443 of 2022,
whereby the learned Division Bench refused to quash –
Signature Not Verified
Digitally signed by
VARSHA MENDIRATTA
Date: 2024.09.23
14:15:54 IST
(a) Suo motu letter No.F.No.11011/51/2017/IS-IV dated 16th January,
Reason:
2018 in respect of the investigation of Bero P.S. Case No.67/2016 dated 10th
1|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
November, 2016;
(b) Sanction letter No.11011/51/2017/NIA dated 22nd July, 2020
granting sanction qua prosecution of the present appellant as accused No.17
in R.C.-02/2018/NIA/DLI; and
(c) Cognizance order dated 25th July, 2020 u/s 120B of the Indian Penal
Code r/w Section 17, 18, 21 & 22 of U.A. (P) Act, 1967, u/S 17(i) & (ii) of
CLA Act, 1908 and charges framed on 16th March, 2021 pending trial before
the Court of learned Special Judge, NIA, Ranchi;
It is to be noted that initially quashing was also sought in respect of sanction vide
letter No.06/Avi-01/21/2017-2637 dated 12th May, 2017 granted by the Principal
Secretary, Department of Home, Prisons & Disaster Management, Ranchi.
However, paragraph 4 of the impugned judgment records that this specific prayer
was not pressed before it.
BACKGROUND FACTS
3. The facts necessary for the disposal of the present appeal, shorn of
unnecessary detail are :-
3.1 It is alleged that the appellant, Fuleshwar Gope1 is an associate of
the People’s Liberation Front of India2 and is acquainted with the facts that
Dinesh Gope @ Kuldeep Yadav @ Banku (A-6) is a terrorist and the chief
of PLFI who collects money through extortion. He is further said to have
1
Hereinafter referred to as A-17
2
Abbreviated as ‘PLFI’
2|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
criminally conspired and formed an unlawful association with members ofPLFI, namely, Dinesh Gope, Sumant Kumar @ Pawan Kumar (A-7) and
Hira Devi @ Anita Devi (A-14).
3.2 On the direction of A-6, it is alleged that the appellant formed a
company M/s. Shiv Shakti Samridhi Infra Pvt. Ltd. (A-20) along with A-14
which was more in the nature of a partnership. This company’s bank
account was used to directly/indirectly collect funds from legitimate or
illegitimate sources for the use of activities of PLFI on the directions of
A-6.
3.3 On 10th November, 2016, FIR No.67 of 2016 at Bero, Jharkhand was
registered against six persons under Section 212, 213/34, 414 of the Indian
Penal Code, 1860 and Sections 13, 17, 40 of the Unlawful Activities
(Prevention) Act, 19673 and Section 17 of the Criminal Law Amendment
Act, 1908 on the allegation that Rs.25.83 lakhs of demonetized currency was
brought to the concerned branch of the State Bank of India by A-6.
3.4 On 9th January, 2017, chargesheet No.01/2017 was filed and the
learned Judicial Magistrate 1st Class took cognizance thereof. On 18th
March, 2017, Deputy Commissioner, Ranchi sought sanction to prosecute
which was granted by the Principal Secretary, Department of Home, Prisons
& Disaster Management. However, subsequently, the Ministry of Home
Affairs4, Government of India issued a transfer order in respect thereto on
3
Abbreviated as ‘UAPA’
4
Abbreviated as ‘MHA’
3|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
16th January, 2018 and as such the FIR was re-registered as a case under theNational Investigation Agency5. MHA further initiated suo-motu sanction
on 16th October, 2019 against twelve accused persons, A-1 to A-12.
3.5 On 21st October, 2019, a supplementary chargesheet was filed by
NIA wherein the Appellant was named as a witness for the Prosecution, as
PW-65. On 5th November, 2019, Special Judge NIA took cognizance of the
same.
3.6 The Appellant was subsequently arrested on 13th July, 2020. On 22nd
July, 2020, suo-motu sanction was issued against an additional seven
persons (A-13 to A-20), the Appellant is A-17. A second Supplementary
Chargesheet was filed the next day i.e. 23rd July, 2020 under Sections 17,
18, 21, and 22C of the UAPA.
3.7 On 14th November, 2022, the Appellant filed a Writ Petition before
the High Court seeking for quashing of the Sanction Order dated 22nd July,
2020, taking of the cognizance of the second Supplementary Chargesheet
vide an order 25th July, 2020 and framing of charges by order dated 16th
March, 2021.
3.8 It is in this backdrop, that the judgment impugned was passed.
IMPUGNED JUDGMENT
4. Before the High Court it was contended primarily that Sections 6(2) & (3)
5
Abbreviated as “NIA”
4|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
of the National Investigation Agency Act, 20086 were not complied with and
thereby the statutory timelines mentioned therein were completely ignored.
Further, it was argued that Sections 45(1) & (2) of the UAPA were not adhered
to.
5. The High Court framed the following issues for its consideration:
“8. …
(i) Whether the Central Government has got suo-moto power to
handover the investigation to the N.I.A. once the investigation has
been completed by the District Police.
(ii) Whether the Order of Sanction dated 22.07.2020 issued by the
Under Secretary to the Government of India in exercise of power
conferred under Section 45(2) of U.A.(P) Act, 1967 suffers from any
illegality.
(iii) Whether the order taking cognizance against the petitioner under
Section 120B I.P.C read with Sections 17, 18, 21 & 22C of U.A.(P)
Act, 1967 and Section 17(i) & (ii) of C.L.A Act, 1908 suffers from
any infirmity.”5.1 The Court in deciding the first issue placed reliance on Pradeep Ram
v. State of Jharkhand & Anr.7, and more particularly paragraph 49 thereof,
to hold that there is no lack of jurisdiction on the part of NIA to carry out
further investigation and submit the supplementary report(s).
5.2 The second issue concerned the legality and propriety of sanction
which was challenged on the ground that Rule 3 of the Unlawful Activities
(Prevention) (Recommendation & Sanction of Prosecution) Rules, 20088
was not followed. The Court referred to the contents of the sanction order
6
Hereinafter ‘NIA, 2008’
7
(2019) 17 SCC 326
8
Hereinafter ‘2008 Rules’
5|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
dated 22nd July, 2020, impugned before it, and then concluded that the
timeline stipulated in Rule 3 referred to supra, has been strictly adhered to.
5.3 The third issue is as to whether the cognizance order is afflicted by
non-application of mind. The Court considered the judgment in Bhushan
Kumar & Anr. v. State (NCT of Delhi)9 and State of Gujarat v. Afroz
Mohammed Hasanfatta10 to examine the power of the Magistrate at the
stage of issuing process or summons. It was finally concluded that the
approach of the learned Special Judge in dealing with the material placed
before them by way of case diary, statements of various prosecution
witnesses, other documents and material objects, requires no interference.
6. Aggrieved by the above findings of the High Court, the appellant is before
this Court.
ARGUMENTS ADVANCED
7. We have heard Mr. Balaji Srinivasan, learned Advocate-on-Record for the
appellant and Mr. Vikramjit Banerjee, learned Additional Solicitor General of
India and Ms. Swarupama Chaturvedi, learned Senior Counsel for the Union of
India.
8. In assailing the impugned judgment, the appellants have advanced the
following contentions.
8.1 Section 45 of UAPA read with Rules 3 and 4 of the 2008 Rules
9
(2012) 5 SCC 424
10
(2019) 20 SCC 539
6|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
provided for a detailed procedure with respect to grant of sanction along with
a timeline within which the same is to be granted. The impugned sanction is
not in consonance with the statutory mandate as the same was issued 2 years
and 11 months after the incident and 2 years and 6 months after the letter
dated 12th May, 2017.
8.2 Clause (2) of Section 45 of the UAPA was violated as the
requirement of ‘independent review’ while according sanction was not
complied with. It is contended that the sanction order was passed
mechanically without supplying any reasons or application of mind. The
orders are stereotypical and standard. It is submitted that Section 45 requires
independent scrutiny and application of mind at each stage – by
requisitioning authority; by an independent agency and then by the
sanctioning authority. Since, in the present facts the same was not complied
with, sanction orders are liable to be quashed.
8.3 Validity of sanction is a question that can be raised at any stage of
proceedings. There are instances of this Court setting aside convictions after
completion of trial and even quashing entire proceedings upon the filing of
bail application, before trial on the ground of invalidity of sanction. In
furtherance of this submission, various judgments have been referred to.
Ashraf Khan v. State of Gujarat11; State of Gujarat v. Anwar Osman
11
(2012) 11 SCC 606
7|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
Sumbhaniya12; Anirudhsinhji Karansinhji Jadeja v. State of Gujarat13;
Rambhai Nathabhai Gadhvi v. State of Gujarat14; Seeni Nainar
Mohammed v. State15; and Jamiruddin Ansari v. CBI16.
8.4 Both the requisitioning and sanctioning authorities have not
considered that mens rea is absent which, as is well established, is a requisite
to constitute a criminal offence unless explicitly excluded. Reference is
made to Peoples’ Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India17 and Sanjay
Dutt v. State through CBI18. In referring to latter judgment, reliance is
placed on the holding that if a reasonable interpretation exists which permits
the avoidance of penalty, Courts are bound to take that approach.
8.5 The appellant was not made an accused in the first module, i.e., FIR
No.67/2016 nor in the second module (initiated by an alleged hawala
transaction which took place on 22nd May 2018) and sanction in respect
thereof was granted by the Central Government on 16th October, 2019. He
was, in fact, made an accused in an independent transaction involving A-20
regarding which the sanction order (impugned herein) was issued on 22nd
July, 2020.
8.6 The proviso to Section 22A exempts a person who is not in charge
of and responsible for the affairs of the company, from prosecution. The
12
(2019) 18 SCC 524
13
(1995) 5 SCC 302
14
(1997) 7 SCC 744
15
(2017) 13 SCC 685
16
(2009) 6 SCC 316
17
(2004) 9 SCC 580
18
(1994) 5 SCC 410
8|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
appellant contends that he has wrongly been roped into the proceedings even
when he is a Munshi working as a daily wager. He is illiterate and does not
understand business transactions. A-6 took undue advantage of his situation,
once A-7 and A-14 stole his identity.
8.7 No particular role has been ascribed to the appellant. This case by
the NIA has been thrust upon him given, (a) he is a director in the company
which is A-20; (b) the said company allegedly received funds that were to
be used by PLFI; (c) he hails from the same locality and is a distant
acquaintance of Dinesh Gope who is the leader of the PLFI.
9. The stand of the respondent – Union of India, as can be understood from
the materials on record and the written submissions, is that –
9.1 The sanction order that has led to the present proceedings has been
granted after following due process. The NIA recommended prosecution of
the accused persons including the present appellant vide its letter dated 14 th
July, 2020. The Central Government, in accordance with Section 45(2) of
the UAPA referred the investigation report to the authority by letter dated
15th July, 2020, comprising two members for the purpose of independent
review. The authority by its letter dated 16th July, 2020 forwarded its report
to the Ministry within the stipulated time period under Rule 3 of 2008 Rules.
In other words, there is no violation of the Rules.
9.2 The impugned sanction order has been passed considering all the
relevant materials on record, including the recommendation of the authority
9|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
constituted under Section 45(2) of the UAPA. The authority consisted of a
retired High Court Judge and the retired Law Secretary.
9.3 Independent review took place at all relevant stages pursuant to
which Central Government accorded sanction. Merely because the sanction
was granted within one day of the recommendation, it cannot be said that
there was non-application of mind.
9.4 Second and Third Module as explained in the supplementary
chargesheets are not independent and separate transactions from that
initiated in the FIR, but rather, are a part of the same continuing transaction
undertaken by the accused persons to channel the Proceeds of Terrorism. The
NIA on being entrusted with the investigation, had investigated the same and
submitted the two supplementary chargesheets.
9.5 The appellant is an active member of a terrorist gang and a close
associate of Dinesh Gope (A-6) and was involved in collecting and
channelizing funds by forming companies. A-20 of which the Appellant/A-
17 was a director, served as a front to launder proceeds of terrorism. The
claim of the appellant that A-7 & A-14 stole his identity is unsustainable and
quashing cannot be placed on such a vague plea.
9.6 The trial is at a very advanced stage, and as such, no discretion be
exercised in quashing the criminal proceedings.
10. At the outset, we clarify that despite the last of the submissions made by
the learned Additional Solicitor General, the Appellant invited findings on his
10|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
submissions. Hence, we proceed to decide the issue on merits.
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION BEFORE THIS COURT
11. Having considered the factual matrix and the submissions advanced by the
learned counsel for the parties the following questions arise for our consideration:-
(i) Whether the Validity of the Sanction Order can be
challenged at any stage?
(ii) Whether a violation of Section 45(2) of the UAPA
r/w Rules 3 & 4, if any, vitiates the proceedings? In other
words, whether violation of – (a) statutory timelines and (b)
the requirement of independent review which includes
application of mind, are necessary aspects of procedure
without which, any transaction under the UAPA shall be
compromised to a point that its sanctity is rendered
questionable?
(iii) Whether in the present facts, the argument of the
appellant that the transactions in connection with which he
has been brought to the book were actually independent of
the ones in which Dinesh Gope (A-6) and other members
were arrayed as accused, has any merit?
(iv) Whether, in the facts, the statutory exemption under
Section 22 A of the UAPA applies to the appellant who
claims to be unaware of the affairs of the company?
CONSIDERATION
(a) UAPA : An Introduction
12. The preamble of the Act reads as under:-
“An Act to provide for the more effective prevention of certain
unlawful activities of individuals and associations [,and for dealing
with terrorist activities,] and for matters connected therewith.”
13. A Bench of Three Judges of this Court (of which both of us were members)
11|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
considered the objective of the Act in the following terms in Arup Bhuyan v.
State of Assam19:-
“85. The main objective of the UAPA is to make powers available
for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and
sovereignty of India. It is also required to be noted that pursuant to
the recommendation of the Committee on National Integration and
Regionalisation appointed by the National Integration Council Act
on whose recommendation the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment)
Act, 1963 was enacted, UAPA has been enacted. It appears that the
National Integration Council appointed a Committee on National
Integration and Regionalisation to look into, inter alia, the aspect of
putting reasonable restrictions in the interests of sovereignty and
integrity of India and thereafter the UAPA has been enacted.
Therefore, the UAPA has been enacted to make powers available for
dealing with the activities directed against integrity and sovereignty
of India.
86. Now let us consider the Preamble to the UAPA, 1967. As per
Preamble, the UAPA has been enacted to provide for the more
effective prevention of certain unlawful activities of individuals and
associations and dealing with terrorist activities and for matters
connected therewith. Therefore the aim and object of enactment of
the UAPA is also to provide for more effective prevention of certain
unlawful activities. That is why and to achieve the said object and
purpose of effective prevention of certain unlawful activities
Parliament in its wisdom has provided that where an association is
declared unlawful by a notification issued under Section 3, a person,
who is and continues to be a member of such association shall be
punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2
years, and shall also be liable to fine. Therefore, Parliament in its
wisdom had thought it fit that once an association is declared
unlawful after following due procedure as required under Section 3
and subject to the approval by the Tribunal still a person continues
to be a member of such association is liable to be
punished/penalised.”
(Emphasis supplied)
(b) Relevant Statutory Provisions
14. At this juncture, we may refer to the applicable statute and rules.
14.1 The requisite clauses of Section 2 (definitions clause of the Act) are
19
(2023) 8 SCC 745
12|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
as under:-
“2. Definitions.-(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise
requires,-
… … …
(e) “Designated Authority” means such officer of the Central
Government not below the rank of Joint Secretary to that
Government, or such officer of the State Government not below the
rank of Secretary to that Government, as the case may be, as may be
specified by the Central Government or the State Government, by
notification published in the Official Gazette;
… … …
(ec) “person” includes— (i) an individual, (ii) a company, (iii) a
firm, (iv) an organisation or an association of persons or a body of
individuals, whether incorporated or not, (v) every artificial juridical
person, not falling within any of the preceding sub-clauses, and (vi)
any agency, office or branch owned or controlled by any person
falling within any of the preceding sub-clauses;] (f) “prescribed”
means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
… … …
(g) “proceeds of terrorism” means,— (i) all kinds of properties
which have been derived or obtained from commission of any
terrorist act or have been acquired through funds traceable to a
terrorist act, irrespective of person in whose name such proceeds are
standing or in whose possession they are found; or
(ii) any property which is being used, or is intended to be used, for a
terrorist act or for the purpose of an individual terrorist or a terrorist
gang or a terrorist organisation. Explanation.—For the purposes of
this Act, it is hereby declared that the expression “proceeds of
terrorism” includes any property intended to be used for terrorism;”14.2 Section 45 of the Act is extracted below for ready reference.
“45. Cognizance of offences.— [(1)] No court shall take cognizance
of any offence—
(i) under Chapter III without the previous sanction of the Central
Government or any officer authorised by the Central Government in
this behalf;
(ii) under Chapter IV and VI without the previous sanction of the
Central Government or, as the case may be, the State Government,
and where such offence is committed against the Government of a
foreign country without the previous sanction of the Central
Government.
13|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
(2) Sanction for prosecution under sub-section (1) shall be given
within such time as may be prescribed only after considering the
report of such authority appointed by the Central Government or, as
the case may be, the State Government which shall make an
independent review of the evidence gathered in the course of
investigation and make a recommendation, within such time as may
be prescribed, to the Central Government or, as the case may be, the
State Government.”
(Emphasis supplied)
14.3 Rules 3 & 4 of the 2008 Rules read as follows:-
“3. Time limit for making a recommendation by the
Authority. – The Authority shall, under sub-section (2) of Section
45 of the Act, make its report containing the recommendations to
the Central Government [or, as the case may be, the State
Government] within seven working days of the receipt of the
evidence gathered by the investigating officer under the Code.
4. Time limit for sanction of prosecution.-The Central
Government [or, as the case may be, the State Government] shall,
under sub-section (2) of Section 45 of the Act, take a decision
regarding sanction for prosecution within seven working days after
receipt of the recommendations of the Authority.”(Emphasis supplied)
ISSUE No. 1- Challenge to validity of sanction – at what stage?
15. Now, we proceed to examine the first question before this Court. In order
to do so it is essential to extract the relevant portion of the sanction order:-
“5. And whereas, the Central Government in terms of the
provisions of Section 45(2) of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention)
Act, 1967 (as amended) and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention)
(Recommendation and Sanction of Prosecution) Rules, 2008
referred the above mentioned Investigation Report vide this
Ministry’s letter of even no. dated 15th July, 2020 to the Authority
comprising of two members namely Justice Dr. Satish Chandra
(Retired) and Dr TK Vishwanathan, Law Secretary (Retired),
constituted vide this Ministry’s order No. 11034/1/2009/IS-IV dated
03.07.2015 for making an independent review of the evidence
gathered in the course of investigation (term of the Authority
extended till 31.07.2021 vide this Ministry’s order dated
12.06.2020);
6. And whereas, the Authority vide letter dated 16th July, 2020
14|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
forwarded its report to this Ministry within the time limit as
prescribed in rule Unlawful Activities (Prevention)
(Recommendation and Sanction of Prosecution) Rules, 2008 and,
after being satisfied with the material available on record and facts
and circumstances therein, recommended for sanction for
prosecution against the above mentioned accused persons/entities
under the relevant sections of law including the Unlawful Activities
(Prevention) Act, 1967;
7. And now, therefore, the Central Government, after carefully
examining the material placed on record and the recommendations
of the Authority, is satisfied that a prima facie case is made out
against the accused persons/entities under the relevant sections of
law and hereby accords sanction for prosecution under section 45(1)
of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967…”BY ORDER AND IN THE NAME OF
THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA
Sd/-
(Dharmendar Kumar)
Under Secretary to the Government of India”
(Emphasis supplied)
16. The question of validity of sanction being challenged, and at what stage it
may be permissible, has engaged this Court on few previous occasions, albeit in
context of different statutes. It shall be useful to refer to them.
16.1 In Central Bureau of Investigation v. Ashok Kumar Aggarwal20
this Court noted the importance of the process of grant of sanction. It has
been termed “not an acrimonious exercise but a solemn and sacrosanct act”
in the context of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 21. The Court
summarised the essentials for validity of prosecution as under:-
“16. In view of the above, the legal propositions can be summarised
as under:
16.1. The prosecution must send the entire relevant record to the
sanctioning authority including the FIR, disclosure statements,
statements of witnesses, recovery memos, draft charge-sheet and all20
(2014) 14 SCC 295
21
Hereinafter, ‘PC Act’
15|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
other relevant material. The record so sent should also contain the
material/document, if any, which may tilt the balance in favour of
the accused and on the basis of which, the competent authority may
refuse sanction.
16.2. The authority itself has to do complete and conscious scrutiny
of the whole record so produced by the prosecution independently
applying its mind and taking into consideration all the relevant facts
before grant of sanction while discharging its duty to give or
withhold the sanction.
16.3. The power to grant sanction is to be exercised strictly keeping
in mind the public interest and the protection available to the accused
against whom the sanction is sought.
16.4. The order of sanction should make it evident that the authority
had been aware of all relevant facts/materials and had applied its
mind to all the relevant material.
16.5. In every individual case, the prosecution has to establish and
satisfy the court by leading evidence that the entire relevant facts had
been placed before the sanctioning authority and the authority had
applied its mind on the same and that the sanction had been granted
in accordance with law.”
(Emphasis supplied)
16.2 In Parkash Singh Badal v. State of Punjab22, this Court held that an
authority, which is the sanctioning authority is not required to separately
specify each of the offences against the accused public servant. This is to be
done at the stage of framing of charge. What the law requires is that materials
must be placed before the sanctioning authority so as to enable the
application of mind in arriving at a decision.
16.3 In Dinesh Kumar v. Airport Authority of India23, Lodha, J. (as he
then was) observed:
“10. In our view, invalidity of sanction where sanction order exists,
can be raised on diverse grounds like non-availability of material22
(2007) 1 SCC 1
23
(2012) 1 SCC 532
16|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
before the sanctioning authority or bias of the sanctioning authority
or the order of sanction having been passed by an authority not
authorised or competent to grant such sanction. The above grounds
are only illustrative and not exhaustive. All such grounds of
invalidity or illegality of sanction would fall in the same category
like the ground of invalidity of sanction on account of non-
application of mind—a category carved out by this Court in Parkash
Singh Badal [(2007) 1 SCC 1 : (2007) 1 SCC (Cri) 193] , the
challenge to which can always be raised in the course of trial.”
16.4 In Central Bureau of Investigation & Ors. v. Pramila Virendra
Kumar Agarwal24, while referring to Dinesh Kumar (supra), this Court
reiterated the distinction between absence of sanction and the alleged
invalidity of sanction on account of non-application of mind. It was held
that absence as in issue can be raised at the threshold, however, invalidity,
as in issue can only be raised at trial.
16.5 A Bench of three learned Judges in P.K. Pradhan v. State of
Sikkim25 discussed the application of Section 197 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 197326. Having referred to a host of precedents, it was concluded
that:
“15. …It is well settled that question of sanction under Section 197
of the Code can be raised any time after the cognizance; maybe
immediately after cognizance or framing of charge or even at the
time of conclusion of trial and after conviction as well. But there may
be certain cases where it may not be possible to decide the question
effectively without giving opportunity to the defence to establish that
what he did was in discharge of official duty. In order to come to the
conclusion whether claim of the accused that the act that he did was
in course of the performance of his duty was a reasonable one and
neither pretended nor fanciful, can be examined during the course of
trial by giving opportunity to the defence to establish it. In such an
eventuality, the question of sanction should be left open to be
decided in the main judgment which may be delivered upon
conclusion of the trial.”
24
(2020) 17 SCC 664
25
(2001) 6 SCC 704
26
Hereinafter ‘CrPC’
17|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
(Emphasis supplied)16.6 In recent past, this court, in State of Karnataka v. S. Subbegowda27,
while addressing the question of sanction and its validity in the context of
PC Act underscored that challenge to sanction should be brought at the
earliest stage possible and held that:
“10. … It is also well settled proposition of law that the question
with regard to the validity of such sanction should be raised at the
earliest stage of the proceedings, however could be raised at the
subsequent stage of the trial also. In our opinion, the stages of
proceedings at which an accused could raise the issue with regard to
the validity of the sanction would be the stage when the Court takes
cognizance of the offence, the stage when the charge is to be framed
by the Court or at the stage when the trial is complete i.e., at
the stage of final arguments in the trial. Such issue of course, could
be raised before the Court in appeal, revision or confirmation,
however the powers of such court would be subject to sub-section
(3) and sub-section (4) of Section 19 of the said Act. It is also
significant to note that the competence of the court trying the accused
also would be dependent upon the existence of
the validity of sanction, and therefore it is always desirable to raise
the issue of validity of sanction at the earliest point of time. It cannot
be gainsaid that in case the sanction is found to be invalid, the trial
court can discharge the accused and relegate the parties to
a stage where the competent authority may grant a fresh sanction for
the prosecution in accordance with the law.”(Emphasis supplied)
17. The afore-cited authorities point to only one conclusion which is that
sanction, though should be challenged at the earliest possible opportunity, it can
be challenged at a later stage as well. These judgments, although not specifically
in the context of laws such as UAPA, posit a generally acceptable rule that a right
available to the accused, which may provide an opportunity to establish
innocence, should not be foreclosed by operation of law, unless specifically
27
2023 SCC OnLine SC 911
18|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
provided within the statutory text. At the same time, challenging validity of
sanction cannot and should not be a weapon to slow down or stall otherwise valid
prosecution. Other legislations such as the CrPC provide mechanisms for the
sanction and subsequent actions to be saved from being invalidated due to any
irregularity etc. Section 465 CrPC provides for the possibility that a sanction
granted under Section 197 CrPC can be saved by its operation. Similarly, a
sanction under the PC Act, if found that there was any error, omission or
irregularity would not be vitiated unless the same has resulted in failure of justice.
18. The UAPA does not provide for any such saving of the sanction. This
implies that, in the wisdom of the legislature, the inbuilt mechanism of the Act of
having two authorities apply their mind to the grant of a sanction, is sufficient.
This emphasizes the role and sanctity of the operation to be carried out by both
these authorities. In order to challenge the grant of sanction as invalid, the grounds
that can be urged are that (1) all the relevant material was not placed before the
authority; (2) the authority has not applied its mind to the said material; and (3)
insufficiency of material. This list is only illustrative and not exhaustive. The
common thread that runs through the three grounds of challenge above is that the
party putting forward this challenge has to lead evidence to such effect. That,
needless to say, can only be done before the Trial Court. In that view of the matter,
we have no hesitation in holding that while we recognise the treasured right of an
accused to avail all remedies available to him under law, in ordinary
circumstances challenge to sanction under UAPA should be raised at the earliest
19|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
possible opportunity so as to enable the Trial Court to determine the question, for
its competence to proceed further and the basis on which any other proceeding on
the appellate side would depend on the answer to this question. [See: S.
Subbegowda (supra)]
In the attending facts and circumstances of the present case, keeping in view
the submission made at the bar that the trial is underway and numerous witnesses
(113 out of 125) already stand examined, we refrain from returning any finding
on the challenge to the validity of the sanction qua the present appellant and leave
it to be raised before the Trial Judge, who shall, if such a question is raised decide,
it promptly.
ISSUE No.2 :
19. The next issue that we must consider is whether the timelines in accordance
with Section 45(2) of the UAPA r/w Rules 3 & 4 of the 2008 Rules and the
requirement of independent review are necessary aspects of procedure, non-
adherence of which would vitiate proceedings. As already reproduced above, the
rules provide a seven day period within which the concerned authority is to make
its recommendation on the basis of materials gathered by the investigating officer
and a further seven days period for the government to grant sanction for
prosecution, having considered the report of the authority.
20. The ins and outs of the Appellant’s contention is that the said timelines
were not followed and, in fact, the first sanction was granted more than a year
after the recommendation was moved. This contention ties into another
20|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
submission that there was no independent review on the part of both
recommending authority and central government, as the sanction was merely
granted within a day each.
Timelines, whether directory or mandatory?
21. Let us now consider one of the primary arguments of the appellants, i.e.,
non-following of the statutory timelines.
22. Timelines, generally speaking, as part of statutory framework are extremely
essential to an effective, efficient and focused machinery of criminal
investigation, prosecution and trial. It cannot be gainsaid that all stakeholders to
the smooth functioning of these procedures of law must do their part in realising
such timelines. They are the essential aspects of right to speedy trial, which is
enshrined under Article 21 of the Constitution of India.
23. The appellant’s objections regarding timelines is two-fold. One, that there
is a large gap between the first sanction and his own arrest, given that he is
allegedly part of the same continuing transaction according to the respondent
union, and two, that since the authority despite having been granted a seven day
period to consider the materials gathered by the investigating officers and make
their recommendation, did so within barely a day, and that to in a manner which
could be termed mechanical, thereby afflicting the recommendations from the
vice of non-application of mind.
24. The first objection appears to us, to be superficial at best. In order to
understand this objection some important dates must be referred to:
21|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
S. No. Details Date
1. First Information Report (F.I.R.) th
10 November 2016
2. Chargesheet 9th January 2017
(It is noted that investigation continues against
A-6)
3. Sanction against A-6 16th October 2019
4. First Supplementary Chargesheet 21st October 2019
(A-6 is named herein; A-17 is brought in as a
prosecution witness; Investigation continues
still further)
5. Arrest of A-17 13th July 2020
6. Sanction against A-17 22nd July 2020
7. Second Supplementary Chargesheet 23rd July 2020
(A-17 is named herein)The gap between the first action against A-6 and the arrest of the appellant
is a result of continuing investigation, as evidenced by the fact that the appellant
was made an accused in the second supplementary chargesheet, arising out of the
same FIR under which A-6 was initially named an accused. Since the
investigation continued, the gap cannot be termed fatal so as to render the arrest
of the appellant as unlawful or illegal. It is also to be noted that in the first
supplementary chargesheet the appellant was initially a witness for the
prosecution and with further investigation was made an accused thereafter.
25. In order to consider the merits of the second objection, ‘application of
mind’ as a concept must be understood. It is trite in law that application of mind
must form part of any judicial, quasi-judicial or administrative order. To
demonstrate the same, consideration of material placed before such authority must
be reflected. At the same time, it being a cerebral exercise, it is not within reason
to set out any formula to explain what application of mind may actually mean or
22|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
look like. It is to be ascertained in the facts and circumstances of each case.
26. In the context of penal laws, authorities tasked with evaluating material
prior to granting of sanction for prosecution, or the act of granting sanction itself
must apply their mind to each and every facet of the material placed before it to
arrive at the conclusion particularly so because the effect of the task at hand is
immense. The grant/non-grant of sanction is what sets in motion the machinery
of strict laws such as UAPA or the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities
(Prevention) Act, 198728. Given the severity of these laws and the nature of
activities with which they are associated, the effect that they have on the person
accused thereunder is not only within the realm of law but also drastically effects
social and personal life. It is only after the authority having been handed this task,
is of the considered view that sanction can be granted, should it be so done.
27. The procedures qua sanctions provided in such legislations are meant to be
followed strictly, to the letter more so to the spirit. Even the slightest of variation
from the written word may render the proceedings arising therefrom to be cast in
doubt. The general principle, when the provision is couched negatively has been
noticed by this court in Rangku Dutta v. State of Assam29 in the following terms:
“18. It is obvious that Section 20-A(1) is a mandatory requirement
of law. First, it starts with an overriding clause and, thereafter, to
emphasise its mandatory nature, it uses the expression “No” after the
overriding clause. Whenever the intent of a statute is mandatory, it
is clothed with a negative command. Reference in this connection
can be made to G.P. Singh’s Principles of Statutory Interpretation,
12th Edn., at pp. 404-05, the learned author has stated:
“… As stated by Crawford: ‘Prohibitive or negative
28
Hereinafter referred as ‘TADA’
29
(2011) 6 SCC 358
23|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
words can rarely, if ever, be directory. And this is so
even though the statute provides no penalty for
disobedience.’ As observed by Subbarao, J.: ‘Negative
words are clearly prohibitory and are ordinarily used as
a legislative device to make a statute imperative.’
Section 80 and Section 87-B of the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908; Section 77 of the Railways Act, 1890;
Section 15 of the Bombay Rent Act, 1947; Section 213
of the Succession Act, 1925; Section 5-A of the
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947; Section 7 of the
Stamp Act, 1899; Section 108 of the Companies Act,
1956; Section 20(1) of the Prevention of Food
Adulteration Act, 1954; Section 55 of the Wild Life
(Protection) Act, 1972; the proviso to Section 33(2)(b)
of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (as amended in
1956); Section 10-A of the Medical Council Act, 1956
(as amended in 1993), and similar other provisions have
therefore, been construed as mandatory. A provision
requiring ‘not less than three months’ notice’ is also for
the same reason mandatory.”
We are in respectful agreement with the aforesaid statement of law
made by the learned author.”
For instance, under the TADA, it has been held that if the sanctioning
authority as mentioned under Section 20-A is not the one who granted sanction
and instead it was a higher authority, even then the said sanction would be illegal.
Reference in this regard may be made to Hussein Ghadially v. State of Gujarat30
and State of Rajasthan v. Mohinuddin Jamal Alvi31.
28. Now turning to the procedure for sanction provided under the UAPA, we
find that a Court is enjoined from taking cognizance without previous sanction
either by the Central Government or the State Government, as applicable, and
such sanction shall only be given after the report of the authority appointed by the
Central Government or the State Government, as the case may be, has been
30
(2014) 8 SCC 425
31
(2016) 12 SCC 608
24|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
considered. This authority is to make an independent review of the evidence
gathered and make a recommendation to the government within a time bound
manner.
28.1 What flows from the above description of Section 45 is that if any
Court takes cognizance without prior sanction of the Government, Centre or
State, the same shall be in contravention of the Act and therefore bad in law.
This sanction is not a function of the Government alone and it can only be
granted after an independent body, albeit appointed by the Government,
makes an independent review of the evidence.
28.2 The fact that sanction has been granted is not in dispute. What is
disputed by the appellant is in which the manner the same has been granted.
According to the case put up by him, the authority’s recommendation, and
immediately thereafter the Government’s grant of sanction is evidence of
non-application of mind and stereotypical or ‘cyclostyle’ orders.
28.3 Although we have taken note of the facts leading up the present
appeal, for immediate reference we may recall here that the NIA vide its
letter dated 14th July 2020 recommended prosecution for further seven
persons (A-13 to A-20); the Ministry vide letter dated 15th July 2020
forwarded the investigation report to the authority; the authority, the next
day, i.e., 16th July 2020, recommended sanction for prosecution against the
seven persons.
28.4 Rules 3 & 4 of the 2008 Rules, reproduced supra, grant the authority
25|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
as also the Government a week’s time each to recommend and then grant
sanction. On the face of it, the present grant of sanction is within the
stipulated time. However, as is submitted by the appellant, is the fact that the
recommendation, consideration and grant of sanction took place within three
days enough to vitiate the prosecution to its entirety?
28.5 One week’s time, given to both the authorities is to enable them to
independently evaluate, first the materials placed on record then recommend
the grant of sanction; and second, to evaluate the material and the
recommendation so made above, to finally ink the order of sanction. If the
time so granted is thoroughly under-utilised or if either of the two authorities
overshoot the time, as stipulated in the rules, what is the fate of the sanction
which was underway? We find there to be divergent views taken on this
issue by the High Courts. It is a recognised principle of law that the law
should apply equally to all persons which then implies that there should be
uniformity, despite various jurisdictions being at play, in how the law is
applied. The Law Commission of India in its 136th Report recognised that
“the want of uniformity” is “an evil”. The problem has been recognised
stating thus :-
“1.2 Want of uniformity an evil.- It is needless to point out
that want of uniformity in law not only impairs the quality or
the substantive or procedural law but also causes serious
inconvenience to citizens in general. Those whose business is
to advise persons who consult them on questions of law, find
it difficult to give such advice with confidence where the
decisions are conflicting. Those who are entrusted with the
functions of adjudicating on questions of law must spend
considerable time in between two or more possible views on a
26|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
subject which falls to be considered before them, In this
process, there is bound to result considerable waste of time and
energy. That apart, it is not a satisfactory situation that on a
given topic, the rule of law prevailing in one part of the country
should be different from the rule prevailing in another part of
the country when the disparity arises from conflicting judicial
interpretations.”28.5.1 The High Court of Judicature at Bombay (Nagpur Bench), in
Criminal Appeal Nos.136 & 137 of 2017 titled as Mahesh Kariman
Tirki v. State of Maharashtra’ on remand from this Court (by order
dated 19th April 2023 passed in SLP (Crl.)Nos.11072-11073/2022 for
decision on merits as also validity of sanction), regarding timelines
mentioned in the 2008 Rules, held as under:
“153. Though the word “shall” no doubt connotes the sense of
urgency, but the consequence of non-compliance in strict sense
which flows from the wordings in the rule, has not been spelt
out under the statute. Neither at an initial stage of the
prosecution nor even before us the defence has projected any
prejudice from strict non-compliance of time frame.
154. The very purport of the provision is to convey that the
process has to be complied with and completed in an expeditious
manner. Particularly, we have taken into account the
contingency which may occur, if the word “shall” in the context
is held mandatory. In that case, even if a single days delay would
stifle the prosecution intending to curb the act of terrorism.
Certainly, the legislative intent behind incorporating the term
“shall” is not to stifle the prosecution on such insignificant
technicality, but conveys that the process ought to be completed
in an expeditious manner. We are unable to persuade ourselves
to accept the contention that the term “shall” is to be strictly
treated as a mandatory provision and failure to comply with the
timeline strictly vitiates the process. Therefore, we respectfully
defer with the view taken by the Kerala High Court in the case
of Roopesh (supra) in that regard.
155. We are of the view that and accordingly hold that to
achieve legislative intent the dual mandate is to be complied
with in its true spirit. Though a minuscule delay would not
thwart the legislative intent, but delay if writ large from the
record, which is unexplained, would certainly have its own
27|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
adverse impact on the process of sanction.”
The import of the above extract is that the timelines mentioned
in Rules 3 and 4 of the 2008 Rules, despite having the word ‘shall’ in
them, are to be taken as directory for, if the timeline is interpreted
strictly, it may thwart the purpose of the legislation which is to curb
unlawful activities of a specified nature.
We notice that an appeal from the judgement extracted above,
is pending before this Court. In the course of the present judgement,
we make no comments on the merits thereof and clarify, that the above
extract is only for the purpose of determining the question of law, in
respect of the timelines mentioned in the 2008 Rules, being either
mandatory or directory in nature.
28.5.2 The Jharkhand High Court, recently, in Binod Kumar Ganjhu
@Vinod Kumar Ganjhu @Binod Ganjhu v. Union of India32 made
similar observations and held that the timelines in the 2008 Rules are
directory. It was observed-
“23. The decision in “Roopesh” is not a binding precedent and
we do not find ourselves bound by the considerations of
judicial comity and propriety. We are unable to record our
agreement to the observations made by the Kerala High Court
in “Roopesh” that the time-line provided under Rules 3 and 4
of the Sanction Rules is mandatory. It is indeed not an issue
for debate that the expression “shall” would not always convey
mandatory compliance of the provision in law. In our opinion,
the Sanction Rules lay down a time-line which is in the nature
of a guideline keeping in mind personal liberty of a person but
such time-line cannot be held to be mandatory and, that too, in
32
W.P(Crl) 308 of 2022
28|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
cases where serious allegations of commission of offence
under UAP Act have been made and found prima-facie true by
the NIA.
24. Long back, it has been held by the Hon’ble Supreme Court
that the only principle which governs the criminal justice
system is miscarriage of justice. This rule has its origin in the
rules of principles of natural justice and that is why time and
again the Hon’ble Supreme Court has laid stress on fair trial.
Even on conclusion of the trial, the judgment rendered by a
competent Court was not held illegal where a charge was not
framed by the Court [refer, “Begu v. King-Emperor” ILR
(1925) 6 Lah 226]. In this context, we may also refer to the
provisions under sections 468 to 473 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure which provide period of limitation for taking
cognizance and exclusion as well as extension of period of
limitation in certain cases. The scheme of the Code of Criminal
Procedure thus indicates that it is not every irregularity which
vitiates the trial and except in very exceptional kind of cases
the Court would not step into and hold the judgment rendered
illegal. The fundamental right of an accused is of fair trial in
which he has sufficient opportunity to defend himself by cross-
examining the prosecution witnesses to bring out falsity in the
prosecution case. But beyond this, an accused has only a
statutory right to establish that the procedure as prescribed
under the law has not been followed and such non-adherence
to the procedure prescribed has deprived him a fair opportunity
to defend himself which occasioned in miscarriage of justice.
As noticed above, the Court has taken cognizance of the
offence under the UAP Act and charge has also been framed
for committing such offence. In our considered opinion, the
Sanction Rules would have no application in the cases of this
nature because a criminal prosecution cannot be frustrated on
mere technicalities.”
Though the Special Leave Petition against this Order was
dismissed, however, it was clarified that the question of sanction under
Section 45 of the UAPA was not considered.
28.5.3 Taking a diametrically opposite view, the Kerala High Court in
Roopesh v. State of Kerala33, held that the timeline stipulated cannot
33
2022 SCC OnLine Ker 1372
29|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
be taken to be directory, keeping in view the Legislature’s express
inclusion of the same, departing from the practice adopted in other
similarly placed laws such as TADA or Prevention of Terrorism Act,
200234, it held as under:
“12. The word ‘shall’ used in the Rules of 2008 has a well
defined texture as available from the identical ‘shall’
employed in the text of sub-section (1) & (2) of S.45 of the
UA(P)A; and the power conferred on the Central Government
by S.52 to make rules for carrying out the provisions of the
Act. The Rules of 2008 prescribed the time of seven days; as
spoken of in the enactment. The Act itself is enacted, to
prevent unlawful activities of individuals and associations as
also dealing with terrorist activities, which terms are
specifically defined under the enactment itself. The colour is
perceivable from the context in which the enactment is saved
from the challenge of having infringed the fundamental rights
guaranteed under the Constitution, only on the ground of a
reasonable restriction; which has to be construed very strictly.
The Parliament, in bringing out the enactment and the
Government, in promulgating the Rules had the prior
experience of the TADA and POTA as also S.196 Cr.P.C; none
of which had a time frame for issuance of sanction. UA(P)A
as it was originally enacted, in its Statements of Objects and
Reasons, declared it to be in the interest of the sovereignty and
integrity of India, intended to bring in reasonable restrictions
to (i) freedom of speech and expression, (ii) right to assemble
peaceably and without arms; and (iii) right to form associations
or unions. The original enactment by S.17 required a sanction
from the Central Government or the authorised officer to
initiate prosecution.
…
14. The Parliament, in 2008, while enacting Amending Act 35
of 2008 had consciously incorporated the provision requiring
a recommendation from an Authority and retained the
requirement of sanction from the appropriate Government, as
provided in sub-section (1). It was by sub-section (2) that an
Authority was contemplated, to make recommendations after
reviewing the evidence gathered and a specific time was
permitted to be prescribed by rules. The Central Government
having brought out the Rules of 2008 specifying the time,
within which the recommendation and sanction has to be
made, the time is sacrosanct and according to us, mandatory.
It cannot at all be held that the stipulation of time is directory,
34
‘POTA’ for short.
30|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
nor can it be waived as a mere irregularity under S.460 (e) or
under S.465 Cr.P.C. S.460 saves any erroneous
proceeding, inter-alia of taking cognizance; if done in good
faith. When sanction is statutorily mandated for taking
cognizance and if cognizance is taken without a sanction or on
the strength of an invalid one, it cannot be said to be an
erroneous proceeding taken in good faith and the act of taking
cognizance itself would stand vitiated.”
The State of Kerala, being aggrieved by the final conclusion
that the sanction was bad in law, carried in appeal to this Court. The
Special Leave Petition bearing number SLP (Crl.) Nos.6981-6983 of
2022, was dismissed as withdrawn with the question of law left open.
28.5.4 A similar view was taken by the High Court of Punjab and
Haryana in Manjeet Singh v. State of Punjab35. Although decided in
the context of bail, it was held that if no decision is taken, in keeping
with the timelines of the Rules 2008, the accused would be entitled to
interim bail. It concurred with the view expressed by the Kerala High
Court in Roopesh (supra).
29. This Court has considered the issue of time-bound sanction. While dealing
with sanctions under the PC Act, it was observed by Pamidighantam Sri
Narsimha J. speaking for this Court, in Vijay Rajmohan v. Central Bureau of
Investigation (Anti-Corruption Branch)36 as under:
“23. Grant of sanction being an exercise of executive power, it is
subject to the standard principles of judicial review such as
application of independent mind; only by the competent authority,
without bias, after consideration of relevant material and by35
CRA-D-5 of 2023
36
(2023) 1 SCC 329
31|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
eschewing irrelevant considerations. As the power to grant sanction
for prosecution has legal consequences, it must naturally be
exercised within a reasonable period. This principle is anyway
inbuilt in our legal structure, and our constitutional courts review the
legality and proprietary of delayed exercise of power quite
frequently…
…
29. The sanctioning authority must bear in mind that public
confidence in the maintenance of the rule of law, which is
fundamental in the administration of justice, is at stake here. By
causing delay in considering the request for sanction, the sanctioning
authority stultifies judicial scrutiny, thereby vitiating the process of
determination of the allegations against the corrupt
official Subramanian Swamy [Subramanian Swamy v. Manmohan
Singh, (2012) 3 SCC 64 : (2012) 1 SCC (Cri) 1041 : (2012) 2 SCC
(L&S) 666] . Delays in prosecuting the corrupt breeds a culture of
impunity and leads to systemic resignation to the existence of
corruption in public life. Such inaction is fraught with the risk of
making future generations getting accustomed to corruption as a way
of life. …
…
32. In the first place, non-compliance with a mandatory period
cannot and should not automatically lead to the quashing of criminal
proceedings because the prosecution of a public servant for
corruption has an element of public interest having a direct bearing
on the rule of law [Subramanian Swamy v. Manmohan Singh, (2012)
3 SCC 64 : (2012) 1 SCC (Cri) 1041 : (2012) 2 SCC (L&S) 666. Per
A.K. Ganguly, J. : (SCC p. 102, paras 76-77)“76. The sanctioning
authority must bear in mind that what is at stake is the public
confidence in the maintenance of the rule of law which is
fundamental in the administration of justice. Delay in granting such
sanction has spoilt many valid prosecutions and is adversely viewed
in public mind that in the name of considering a prayer for sanction,
a protection is given to a corrupt public official as a quid pro quo for
services rendered by the public official in the past or may be in the
future and the sanctioning authority and the corrupt officials were or
are partners in the same misdeeds. …77. By causing delay in
considering the request for sanction, the sanctioning authority
stultifies judicial scrutiny and determination of the allegations
against corrupt official and thus the legitimacy of the judicial
institutions is eroded. It, thus, deprives a citizen of his legitimate and
fundamental right to get justice by setting the criminal law in motion
and thereby frustrates his right to access judicial remedy which is a
constitutionally protected right.”]. This is also a non-sequitur. It must
also be kept in mind that the complainant or victim has no other
remedy available for judicial redressal if the criminal proceedings
stand automatically quashed. At the same time, a decision to
grant deemed sanction may cause prejudice to the rights of the
accused as there would also be non-application of mind in such
cases.”
(Emphasis supplied)
32|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
30. The observations in Vijay Rajmohan (supra) regarding the power of
sanction being open to the standard principle of judicial review; the same being
inbuilt in our legal structure; public confidence being at stake if a rule of law is
violated, are principles that in our considered view it will apply equally to
sanctions under UAPA. In context of the PC Act, it has been held that non-
compliance of a mandatory period cannot ipso facto lead to quashing of criminal
proceedings. This is where a difference emerges between the PC Act and the
UAPA. The implication, social as well as legal of both these acts diverges, in as
much as the latter entails far graver consequences. [See: State of T.N. v.
Sivarasan37; Rambhai Nathabhai Gadhvi (supra); and Ashrafkhan (Supra)] The
UAPA provides for a detailed procedure which is to be followed in granting of
sanction and undoubtedly, the same must be followed in absolute letter and spirit.
Construction of 2008 Rules
31. It is well understood that penal statutes are statutes to be interpreted strictly.
This canon of construction has been reiterated time and again. It is apposite here
to refer to certain authorities in this context.
31.1 Maxwell in The Interpretation of Statutes (11th Edn.) has observed:
“The effect of the rule of strict construction might almost be
summed up in the remark that, where an equivocal word or
ambiguous sentence leaves a reasonable doubt of its meaning
which the cannons of interpretation failed to solve, the benefit of
the doubt should be given to the subject and against the legislature
which has failed to explain itself. But it yields to the paramount
rule that every statute is to be expounded according to its
expressed or manifest intention and that all cases within the37
(1997) 1 SCC 682
33|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
mischief aimed at our, if the language permits, to be held to fall
within its remedial influence”Observations in the twelfth edition, in this context, are also educative:
“The strict construction of penal statutes seems to manifest itself
in four ways : In the requirement of express language for the
creation of an offence; in interpreting strictly words setting out
the elements of an offence; in requiring the fulfillment to the letter
of statutory conditions precedent to the infliction of punishment;
and in insisting on the strict observance of technical provisions
concerning criminal procedure and jurisdiction.”31.2 In Standard Chartered Bank v. Directorate of Enforcement38, a
Constitution Bench while discussing the interpretation of penal statutes, held
as under:
“36. The rule of interpretation requiring strict construction of
penal statutes does not warrant a narrow and pedantic
construction of a provision so as to leave loopholes for the
offender to escape (see Murlidhar Meghraj Loya v. State of
Maharashtra [(1976) 3 SCC 684 : 1976 SCC (Cri) 493] ). A penal
statute has to also be so construed as to avoid a lacuna and to
suppress mischief and to advance a remedy in the light of the rule
in Heydon’s case [(1584) 3 Co Rep 7a : 76 ER 637] . A common-
sense approach for solving a question of applicability of a penal
statute is not ruled out by the rule of strict construction. (See State
of A.P. v. Bathu Prakasa Rao [(1976) 3 SCC 301 : 1976 SCC
(Cri) 395] and also G.P. Singh on Principles of Statutory
Interpretation, 9th Edn., 2004, Chapter 11, Synopsis 3 at pp. 754
to 756.)”31.3 In State of Jharkhand v. Ambay Cements39, a Bench of three judges,
while dealing with an issue relating to Bihar Industrial Promotion Policy,
1995, discussed the construction of penal statutes. The Court observed that:
“26. Whenever the statute prescribes that a particular act is to be
done in a particular manner and also lays down that failure to
comply with the said requirement leads to severe consequences,
such requirement would be mandatory. It is the cardinal rule of
interpretation that where a statute provides that a particular thing
should be done, it should be done in the manner prescribed and
38
(2005) 4 SCC 530
39
(2005) 1 SCC 368
34|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
not in any other way. It is also settled rule of interpretation that
where a statute is penal in character, it must be strictly construed
and followed. Since the requirement, in the instant case, of
obtaining prior permission is mandatory, therefore, non-
compliance with the same must result in cancelling the
concession made in favour of the grantee, the respondent herein.”
31.4 The course of action to be adopted by Courts, in view of language
used in the statutes has been noticed by this Court in Manjit Singh v. CBI40,
wherein it has been observed, referring to certain other authorities, that when
the language of a provision is unambiguous it would not be open to Courts
to adopt a hypothetical approach, leading to a different conclusion on the
ground that such different conclusion would be more in sync with the
objective of the statute.
31.5 In Priya Indoria v. State of Karnataka41, the position of law was
stated as under:
“84. Maxwell in his treatise on Interpretation of Statutes (10
Edn.), p. 284 states that “the tendency of modern decisions on the
whole is to narrow materially the difference between strict and
beneficial construction”. It follows that criminal statutes such as
the CrPC are interpreted with rational regard to the aim and
intention of the legislature. What has to be borne in the judicial
mind is that the interpretation of all statutes should be favourable
to personal liberty subject to fair and effective administration of
criminal justice.”
(Emphasis supplied)
32. Rules flowing from statutory power, have the effect of a statute. Section 52
of the UAPA grants power to the Central Government to make Rules for the
purpose of carrying out the provisions of the Act. Specifically, Section 52 (2)(ee)
40
(2011) 11 SCC 578
41
(2024) 4 SCC 749
35|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
deals with the present situation, i.e., enables the Government to prescribe the time
for recommendation and grant of sanction under Section 45. The 2008 Rules are
unequivocal in both, using the word ‘shall’ as also providing a specific time period
for both activities, i.e., making recommendation and granting sanction. In the
views of the High Courts discussed above, two have taken the view that the
timelines are directory, while the other two hold them to be mandatory. In the
former view, the word ‘shall’ is interpreted as ‘may’. At this juncture, it would
be apposite to refer to certain pronouncements. Prior to going into that question,
we may also refer to the well-established principles qua criminal statutes.
32.1 In Montreal Street Railway Company v. Normandin42, the Judicial
Committee of the Privy Council considered the question of whether a certain
provision in a statute imposing a duty on a public body or authority was
mandatory or directory. The Court observed that:
“…The question whether provisions in a statute are directory
or imperative has very frequently arisen in this country, but it
has been said that no general rule can be laid down, and that in
every case the object of the statute must be looked at. The cases
on the subject will be found collected in Maxwell on Statutes,
5th ed., p. 596 and following pages. When the provisions of a
statute relate to the performance of a public duty and the case
is such that to hold null and void acts done in neglect of this
duty would work serious general inconvenience, or injustice to
persons who have no control over those entrusted with the
duty, and at the same time would not promote the main object
of the Legislature, it has been the practice to hold such
provisions to be directory only, the neglect of them, though
punishable, not affecting the validity of the acts done.”32.2 A Bench of five learned Judges in State of U.P. v. Manbodhan Lal
42
LR (1917) AC 170
36|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
Srivastava43, while construing Article 320 of the Constitution of India,interpretated the words ‘shall’ and ‘may’ as under:
“11. …Hence, the use of the word “shall” in a statute, though
generally taken in a mandatory sense, does not necessarily mean
that in every case it shall have that effect, that is to say, that unless
the words of the statute are punctiliously followed, the proceeding
or the outcome of the proceeding, would be invalid. On the other
hand, it is not always correct to say that where the word “may”
has been used, the statute is only permissive or directory in the
sense that non-compliance with those provisions will not render
the proceeding invalid. In that connection, the following
quotation from Crawford on Statutory Construction — Article
261 at p. 516, is pertinent:
“The question as to whether a statute is mandatory or
directory depends upon the intent of the legislature
and not upon the language in which the intent is
clothed. The meaning and intention of the legislature
must govern, and these are to be ascertained, not only
from the phraseology of the provision, but also by
considering its nature, its design, and the
consequences which would follow from construing it
the one way or the other….”32.3 In State of U.P. v. Babu Ram Upadhya44, a Constitution Bench
considered the interpretation of the word ‘shall’ as mandatory and observed
as under:
“29. The relevant rules of interpretation may be briefly stated
thus : When a statute uses the word “shall”, prima facie, it is
mandatory, but the Court may ascertain the real intention of the
legislature by carefully attending to the whole scope of the statute.
For ascertaining the real intention of the Legislature the Court
may consider, inter alia, the nature and the design of the statute,
and the consequences which would follow from construing it the
one way or the other, the impact of other provisions whereby the
necessity of complying with the provisions in question is avoided,
the circumstance, namely, that the statute provides for a
contingency of the non-compliance with the provisions, the fact
that the non-compliance with the provisions is or is not visited by
some penalty, the serious or trivial consequences that flow
therefrom, and, above all, whether the object of the legislation43
1957 SCC OnLine SC 4
44
1960 SCC OnLine SC 5
37|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
will be defeated or furthered.”32.4 In Bachahan Devi v. Nagar Nigam, Gorakhpur45, this Court
considered at length this rule of interpretation. It was observed:
“21. The ultimate rule in construing auxiliary verbs like “may”
and “shall” is to discover the legislative intent; and the use of the
words “may” and “shall” is not decisive of its discretion or
mandates. The use of the words “may” and “shall” may help the
courts in ascertaining the legislative intent without giving to
either a controlling or a determinating effect. The courts have
further to consider the subject-matter, the purpose of the
provisions, the object intended to be secured by the statute which
is of prime importance, as also the actual words employed.”Although in this case the Court was concerned with a land dispute,
the observation in respect of the use of the words ‘may’ and ‘shall’ are
general principles of statutory construction and are therefore relevant to the
present discussion.
32.5 In Vijay Dhanuka v. Najima Mamtaj46, this Court interpreted the
words ‘may’ and ‘shall’ in the context of CrPC as under:
“12. …The use of the expression “shall” prima facie makes the
inquiry or the investigation, as the case may be, by the Magistrate
mandatory. The word “shall” is ordinarily mandatory but
sometimes, taking into account the context or the intention, it can
be held to be directory. The use of the word “shall” in all
circumstances is not decisive. Bearing in mind the aforesaid
principle, when we look to the intention of the legislature, we find
that it is aimed to prevent innocent persons from harassment by
unscrupulous persons from false complaints. Hence, in our
opinion, the use of the expression “shall” and the background and
the purpose for which the amendment has been brought, we have
no doubt in our mind that inquiry or the investigation, as the case
may be, is mandatory before summons are issued against the
accused living beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the
Magistrate.”45
(2008) 12 SCC 372
46
(2014) 14 SCC 638
38|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
32.6 Crawford’s Statutory Construction (1989 reprint)47, notes asfollows in regard to ‘mandatory’ and ‘directory’ words:
“Ordinarily the words ‘shall’ and ‘must’ are mandatory, and the
work ‘may’ is directory, although they are often used inter-
changeably in legislation. This use without regard to their literal
meaning generally makes it necessary for the courts to resort to
construction in order to discover the real intention of the
legislature. Nevertheless, it will always be presumed by the court
that the legislature intended to use the words in their usual and
natural meaning. If such a meaning, however, leads to absurdity,
or great inconvenience, or for some other reason is clearly
contrary to the obvious intention of the legislature, then words
which ordinarily are mandatory in their nature will be construed
as directory, or vice versa. In other words, if the language of the
statute, considered as a whole and with due regard to its nature
and object, reveals that the legislature intended the words ‘shall’
and ‘must’ to be directory, they should be given that meaning.
Similarly, under the same circumstances, the word ‘may’ should
be given a mandatory meaning, and especially where the statute
concerns the rights and interests of the public, or where third
persons have a claim de jure that a power shall be exercised, or
whenever something is directed to be done for the sake of justice
or the public good, or is necessary to sustain the statute’s
constitutionality.
Yet the construction of mandatory words as directory and
directory words as mandatory should not be lightly adopted. The
opposite meaning should be unequivocally evidenced before it is
accepted as the true meaning; otherwise, there is considerable
danger that the legislative intent will be wholly or partially
defeated.”(Emphasis supplied)
33. In matters of strict construction, when a timeline is provided, along with
the use of the word ‘shall’ and particularly when the same is in the context of a
law such as the UAPA, it cannot be considered a mere technicality or formality.
It demonstrates clear intention on the part of the Legislature. A compulsion has
been imposed, and for compliance with that compulsion, a timeline has been
47
Cited in Union of India v. A.K. Pandey, (2009) 10 SCC 552
39|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
provided. While the legislation is aimed at curbing unlawful activities and
practices detrimental to national security and accordingly, provides the authorities
of the Government ample power to undertake and complete all procedures and
processes permissible under law to that end, at the same time the interest of
accused persons must also be safeguarded and protected. It is expected of the
Executive, in furtherance of the ideal of protection of national security, that it
would work with speed and dispatch. The concern expressed by the Bombay High
Court is that a strict interpretation of the timeline may defeat the objective of the
legislation. While on first blush, such a statement is attractive, we cannot lose
sight of the fact that the time granted is only for consideration of the material
collected by way of an independent review and then making a recommendation
whereafter the sanctioning authority may then consider the materials as well as
recommendation to finally, grant or deny the sanction. It is not for the purpose of
the investigation itself, which understandably can be a time-consuming process,
given the multiple variables involved. There have to be certain limitations within
which administrative authorities of the Government can exercise their powers.
Without such limitations, power will enter the realm of the unbridled, which
needless to state is, antithetical to a democratic society. Timelines in such cases,
serve as essential aspects of checks and balances and of course, are
unquestionably important. If the view of the Bombay and Jharkhand High Courts
is allowed to stand it would be tantamount to the Judicial Wing supplanting its
view in place of the legislature which is impermissible in view of the doctrine of
40|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
separation of powers. We find support for our view in the Constitution Bench
decision in A.R. Antulay v. Ramdas Sriniwas Nayak48, wherein D.A. Desai, J.,
held as under:
“18. It is a well-established cannon of construction that the court
should read the section as it is and cannot rewrite it to suit its
convenience; nor does any cannon of construction permit the court
to read the section in such manner as to render it to some extent
otiose.”[See also: Union of India v. Deoki Nandan Aggarwal49; Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India v. Price Waterhouse50*; and Shiv Shakti Coop. Housing
Society v. Swaraj Developers51]
The legislative intent is clear. Rules made by virtue of statutory powers
prescribe both a mandate and a time limit. The same has to be followed. Here
itself we may clarify that the conclusion arrived at by us in respect of the strict
adherence to the timeline mentioned in Rules 3 & 4 of the 2008, Rules shall not
affect any decision of the authorities where the same may or may not have been
followed as on date of this judgment. For ample clarity, it is stated that the
observations made in this judgment shall apply prospectively.
Independent Review
34. The bone of contention in this regard is that since both the recommending
and the granting authorities took merely a day each in performing their respective
48
(1984) 2 SCC 500
49
1992 Supp (1) SCC 323
50
(1997) 6 SCC 312
*dissenting opinion of Saghir Ahmad, J.
51
(2003) 6 SCC 659
41|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
functions, the requirement of an independent review which is to be undertaken by
both authorities has been left unfulfilled thereby vitiating the sanction in question.
35. The meaning of the word independent, as is well understood, is that the act,
or as in this case, evaluation is made in a way which is lone standing or which
does not rely on any other factor, such as previous consideration or evaluation by
another authority, to arrive at its conclusion.
35.1 The Cambridge dictionary defines the word independent to mean: –
“not influenced or controlled in any way by other people,
events, or things”
35.2 The Merriam Webster dictionary defines the word independent as:-
“1: not dependent: such as
a (1): not subject to control by others ; (2): not affiliated with
a larger controlling unit
b (1): not requiring or relying on something else : not
contingent; (2): not looking to others for one’s opinions or for
guidance in conduct; (3): not bound by or committed to a
political party
c (1): not requiring or relying on others (as for care or
livelihood); (2): being enough to free one from the necessity
of working for a living
d: showing a desire for freedom”35.3 The Black’s Law Dictionary defines:
“INDEPENDENT. Not dependent; not subject to control,
restriction, modification, or limitation from a given outside
source.”Independence, which is the state of being independent would also be
instructive in our understanding.
“INDEPENDENCE. The state or condition of being free from
dependence, subjection, or control. A state of perfect
irresponsibility. Political independence is the attribute of a
nation or state which is entirely autonomous, and not subject
to the government, control, or dictation of any exterior power.”
36. Review, as a concept is to be understood for it is the coming together of
42|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
these two aspects which will form our understanding of the term ‘independent
review’.
36.1 The Cambridge dictionary defines the word review as:
“to think or talk about something again, in order to make
changes to it or to make a decision about it”36.2 The Merriam Webster dictionary defines the word review to mean
as:
“ …2: to examine or study again especially : to reexamine
judicially
…
4 a: to go over or examine critically or deliberately; b: to give
a critical evaluation of”36.3 The Burton’s Legal Thesaurus52 lists the following words as being
similar to ‘review’ – analyse; comment upon; contemplari; criticize; critique;
investigate; mull over; notice; critically; reconsider; reexamine; scrutinize;
study and weigh.
37. The import of the term independent review as can be understood from the
above is a re-examination, scrutiny or critique of something which is not
dependent or subject to control by any other factor or authority. In the present
facts, independent review would mean a contemplation or study of the material
gathered by the investigating officer to conclude as to whether or not a sanction
to proceed under the provisions of the UAPA ought to be granted. Similarly, at
the next stage, the sanctioning authority is to mull over and critically notice both
the materials gathered as also the conclusion drawn by the recommending
52
Third Edition; Page 473
43|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
authority, in its act of granting sanction.
38. The legislative intent in bringing about the aspect of independent review,
by way of an amendment brought into effect from 31st December 2008, within
Section 45 of the UAPA is required to be noticed.
39. The Minister for Home Affairs in moving the draft Bills before the Council
of States, highlighted the intent behind such introduction as herein below
reproduced:
“Finally, Sir, we have incorporated a very salutary provision. To the
best of our knowledge-I don’t know, I may be corrected by the Law
Minister or the Law Secretary later – it is the first time we are
introducing this. In a prosecution under the UAPA, now, it is the
executive Government which registers the case through a police
officer. It is the executive Government which investigates the case
through an investigating agency, namely, the police department. It is
the executive Govt. which sanctions u/s. 45. Therefore, there is a fear
that a vindictive or a wrong executive Govt. could register a case,
investigate and sanction prosecution. There is a fear. May be, it is
not a fear that is entirely justified but you cannot say that it is entirely
unjustified. So what are we doing? The executive Govt. can register
the case because no one else can register a case. The executive Govt.,
through its agency, can investigate the case. But, before sanction is
granted under 45(1) we are interposing an independent authority
which will review the entire evidence, gathered in the investigation,
and then make a recommendation whether this is a fit case of
prosecution. So, here, we are bringing a filter, a buffer, an
independent authority who has to review the entire evidence that is
gathered and, then, make a recommendation to the State Govt. or the
Central Govt. as the case may be, a fit case for sanction. I think, this
is a very salutary safeguard. All sections of the House should
welcome it. This is a biggest buffer against arbitrariness which many
Members spoke about. Sir, these are the features in the Bill.”In the statement extracted above, the idea, purpose and intent behind
bringing in an independent authority to scrutinize the material gathered by the
investigating agency prior to the government being able to issue or deny a
sanction, has been clearly laid out. It was so done to have checks over the power
44|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
of the executive in this regard.
40. What flows from the above is that independence of this authority is sine
qua non, without which it would have lost its entire purpose. The question, now
to be considered is as to how it may be determined that a particular process shone
with independence or was the same compromised by the clouds of influence,
which may compromise its character.
40.1 In C.S. Krishnamurthy v. State of Karnataka53, the Court speaking
in the context of a sanction order under PC Act held:
“9. Therefore, the ratio is sanction order should speak for itself
and in case the facts do not so appear, it should be proved by
leading evidence that all the particulars were placed before the
sanctioning authority for due application of mind. In case the
sanction speaks for itself then the satisfaction of the sanctioning
authority is apparent by reading the order…”This was also referred to in State of M.P. v. Harishankar Bhagwan
Prasad Tripathi54.
40.2 In State of Maharashtra v. Mahesh G. Jain55, after considering a
host of authorities, including some that have been cited before in the present
case, the following factors were culled out:
“14.1. It is incumbent on the prosecution to prove that the valid
sanction has been granted by the sanctioning authority after being
satisfied that a case for sanction has been made out.
14.2. The sanction order may expressly show that the sanctioning
authority has perused the material placed before it and, after
consideration of the circumstances, has granted sanction for
prosecution.
53
(2005) 4 SCC 81
54
(2010) 8 SCC 655
55
(2013) 8 SCC 119
45|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
14.3. The prosecution may prove by adducing the evidence that
the material was placed before the sanctioning authority and its
satisfaction was arrived at upon perusal of the material placed
before it.
14.4. Grant of sanction is only an administrative function and the
sanctioning authority is required to prima facie reach the
satisfaction that relevant facts would constitute the offence.
14.5. The adequacy of material placed before the sanctioning
authority cannot be gone into by the court as it does not sit in
appeal over the sanction order.
14.6. If the sanctioning authority has perused all the materials
placed before it and some of them have not been proved that
would not vitiate the order of sanction.
14.7. The order of sanction is a prerequisite as it is intended to
provide a safeguard to a public servant against frivolous and
vexatious litigants, but simultaneously an order of sanction
should not be construed in a pedantic manner and there should not
be a hypertechnical approach to test its validity.”
In the very same judgment, it was observed that “grant of sanction is
a sacrosanct and sacred act” whose aim is to protect a public servant against
vexatious litigation. However, when the order of sanction is (a) by a
competent authority and (b) after due application of mind, it cannot be dealt
with lightly or, in other words, summarily discarded.
40.3 Recently, in Judgebir Singh v. National Investigation Agency56,
while examining the application of Rules 3 & 4 of 2008 Rules, this court
observed:
“50. …We place emphasis on the expression “within 7 working
days of the receipt of the evidence gathered by the investigating
officer under the CrPC”. This evidence which Rule 3 of the Rules,
2008 contemplates is the final report i.e., filed by the investigating
agency under Section 173 of the CrPC. How can one expect the
authority under sub section (2) of Section 45 to make its report
containing the recommendations without looking into the56
2023 SCC OnLine SC 543
46|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
chargesheet thoroughly containing the evidence gathered by the
investigating officer. On the contrary, Rule 3 of the Rules, 2008
makes it explicitly clear that the authority under sub section (2)
of Section 45 of the UAPA is obliged in law to apply its mind
thoroughly to the evidence gathered by the investigating officer
and thereafter, prepare its report containing the
recommendations to the Central Government or the State
government for the grant of sanction. The grant of sanction is
not an idle formality. The grant of sanction should reflect
proper application of mind.
(Emphasis in original)
(Emphasis supplied)40.4 In State of Punjab v. Mohd. Iqbal Bhatti57, the position of law was
stated thus:
“7. Validity of an order of sanction would depend upon
application of mind on the part of the authority concerned and the
material placed before it. All such material facts and material
evidence must be considered by it. The sanctioning authority must
apply its mind on such material facts and evidence collected
during the investigation. Even such application of mind does not
appear from the order of sanction, extrinsic evidence may be
placed before the court in that behalf. While granting sanction,
the authority cannot take into consideration an irrelevant fact nor
can it pass an order on extraneous consideration not germane for
passing a statutory order. It is also well settled that the superior
courts cannot direct the sanctioning authority either to grant
sanction or not to do so…”40.5 In State (NCT of Delhi) v. Navjot Sandhu58, this Court considered
in extenso the provisions and scheme of the TADA in connection with the
‘2001 Parliament Attack’. For the present judgment certain observations
made in regard to sanctions are relevant. They are summarised as follows:-
40.5.1 What is to be considered is whether the material which formed
the raison d’être of the allegations was actually placed before the
57
(2009) 17 SCC 92
58
(2005) 11 SCC 600
47|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
authority.
40.5.2 A reiteration of the contents of the FIR or draft chargesheet
does not constitute consideration or application of mind. It has to be
something further than that.
40.5.3 The order of sanction or recommendation or grant of sanction,
both should on their face indicate consideration of all relevant material.
40.5.4 The standard to be applied in ‘judging’ sanction orders is not
the same as that applied to orders of quasi-judicial bodies for it is a
purely an administrative function.
40.6 The observations of this Court in State of Bihar v. P.P. Sharma59,
are instructive. Relevant extract is as under:
“27. The sanction under Section 197 CrPC is not an empty
formality. It is essential that the provisions therein are to be
observed with complete strictness. The object of obtaining
sanction is that the authority concerned should be able to consider
for itself the material before the Investigating Officer, before it
comes to the conclusion that the prosecution in the circumstances
be sanctioned or forbidden. To comply with the provisions of
Section 197 it must be proved that the sanction was given in
respect of the facts constituting the offence charged. It is desirable
that the facts should be referred to on the face of the sanction.
Section 197 does not require the sanction to be in any particular
form. If the facts constituting the offence charged are not shown
on the face of the sanction, it is open to the prosecution, if
challenged, to prove before the court that those facts were placed
before the sanctioning authority. It should be clear from the form
of the sanction that the sanctioning authority considered the
relevant material placed before it and after a consideration of all
the circumstances of the case it sanctioned the prosecution.”(Emphasis supplied)
59
1992 Supp (1) SCC 222
48|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
41. Having given our attention to the position of law as above, let us now turn
to the instant facts. Simply put, the objection of the appellant arises from the short
amount of time taken in recommending and granting sanction, against him which
he claims to be sign of non-application of mind and lack of independent review.
We are unable to accept such a contention. There is nothing on record to show
that relevant material was not placed before the authorities. There is no question,
as there rightly cannot be, on the competence of either of the authorities.
Therefore, solely on the ground that the time taken was comparatively short or
even that other orders were similarly worded cannot call the credibility of the
sanction into question. As has been noted in Superintendent of Police (CBI) v.
Deepak Chowdhary60, the authorities are required only to reach a prima facie
satisfaction that the relevant facts, as gathered in the investigation would
constitute the offence or not. In Mahesh G. Jain (supra) it has been held that the
prosecution is to prove that a valid sanction has been granted. This needless to
state, can only be done by adducing evidence at trial, where the defence in
challenge thereto, will necessarily have to be given an opportunity to question the
same and put forward its case that the two essential requirements detailed above,
have not been met. Furthermore, in Mohd. Iqbal M. Shaikh v. State of
Maharashtra61, a case under the TADA, this Court was faced with a similar
situation, the sanction wherein was granted by the competent authority, i.e., the
Commissioner of Police, Greater Bombay on the same day that he received the
60
(1995) 6 SCC 225
61
(1998) 4 SCC 494
49|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
papers in that regard. The contention of non-application of mind was not accepted
by the Court observing that so long as the sanction was by a competent authority
and after applying its mind to all materials and the same being reflected in the
order, the sanction would hold to be valid. It was further held that when an order
does not so indicate, the prosecution is entitled to adduce evidence aliunde of the
person who granted the sanction and that would be sufficient compliance. The
Court would then, look into such evidence to arrive at a conclusion as to whether
application of mind was present or absent. In conclusion, we hold that
independent review as well as application of mind are questions to be determined
by way of evidence and as such should be raised at the stage of trial, so as to
ensure that there is no undue delay in the proceedings reaching their logical and
lawful conclusion on these grounds. As a result of the conclusion drawn by this
Court on the first issue, it is also to be said that if the sanction is taken exception
to, on the above grounds, it has to be raised at the earliest instance and not
belatedly, however, law does not preclude the same from being challenged at a
later stage. It is to be noted that the scheme of the UAPA does not house a
provision such as Section 19 of the PC Act62 which protects proceedings having
62
19. Previous sanction necessary for prosecution.—
…
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974),—
(a) no finding, sentence or order passed by a special Judge shall be reversed or altered by a Court in appeal,
confirmation or revision on the ground of the absence of, or any error, omission or irregularity in, the sanction
required under sub-section (1), unless in the opinion of that court, a failure of justice has in fact been occasioned
thereby;
(b) no court shall stay the proceedings under this Act on the ground of any error, omission or irregularity in the
sanction granted by the authority, unless it is satisfied that such error, omission or irregularity has resulted in a
failure of justice;
(c) no court shall stay the proceedings under this Act on any other ground and no court shall exercise the powers
of revision in relation to any interlocutory order passed in any inquiry, trial, appeal or other proceedings.
50|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
been initiated on the basis of sanctions which come to be questioned at a later
point in time and, therefore, Courts ought to be careful in entertaining belated
challenges. If it is raised belatedly, however, the Court seized of the matter, must
consider the reasons for the delay prior to delving into the merits of such
objections. This we may say so for the reason that belated challenges on these
grounds cannot be allowed to act as roadblocks in trial or cannot be used as
weapons in shirking away from convictions arising out of otherwise validly
conducted prosecutions and trials.
An order passed by an administrative authority is not to be tested by way of
judicial review on the same anvil as a judicial or quasi-judicial order. While it is
imperative for the latter to record reasons for arriving at a particular decision, for
the former it is sufficient to show that the authority passing such order applied its
mind to the relevant facts and materials [See: P.P. Sharma (supra); Navjot
Sandhu (supra) and Mahesh G. Jain (supra)] That being the accepted position
we find no infirmity in the order granting sanction against A-17. It is not
incumbent upon such authority to record detailed reasons to support its conclusion
and, as such, the orders challenged herein, cannot be faulted with on that ground.
ISSUE No.3 – Misjoinder of Charges and Violation of CrPC
(4) In determining under sub-section (3) whether the absence of, or any error, omission or irregularity in, such
sanction has occasioned or resulted in a failure of justice the court shall have regard to the fact whether the
objection could and should have been raised at any earlier stage in the proceedings.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section,—
(a) error includes competency of the authority to grant sanction;
(b) a sanction required for prosecution includes reference to any requirement that the prosecution shall be at the
instance of a specified authority or with the sanction of a specified person or any requirement of a similar nature.
51|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
42. The appellant contends that two disjointed transactions have been taken
together, to make him an accused and a member of the larger conspiracy. The
respondent-Union on the other hand argues that all the transactions (First Module,
Second Module, as also the one for which the Appellant was made an accused)
are inter-connected and flow from the first sanction. Further, it has been alleged
by the appellants that there is a gross misuse of powers by the NIA and a violation
of Sections 218-224 of CrPC.
43. Section 218 features in Chapter XVII of the CrPC titled ‘The Charge’ and
more specifically Part B thereof, which is joinder of charges. In a sense, the
appellant has alleged violation of an entire part of the chapter, which submission
on the face of it is difficult to accept. It requires no reiteration that a person when
alleging the contravention of a section or portion of statute, has to substantiate the
same by demonstrating which aspect of the section stood not complied with and
how such non-compliance has prejudicially affected him. In the present case,
however, we are confronted with a sweeping statement of contravention of
provisions of the CrPC with little to no explanation as to how that may be the
case.
43.1 Section 218 provides, first, that there should be a separate charge for
each distinct offence; and secondly, that there should be a separate trial for
every such charge, except in the four cases mentioned in Sections 219, 220,
221 and 223.
43.2 Section 219 provides that the three charges of three offences of the
52|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
same kind committed within one year be tried together. The section
contemplates a joint trial for three separate offences only when the offences
are essentially of a simple kind and do not require the framing of a multitude
of different charges.
43.3 Section 220 relates to the joinder of charges of offences committed
by the same person. It applies to a case, when different offences form part of
the same transaction, and are committed by the same person, then he may be
charged with and tried at one trial for, every such offence.
43.4 Section 221 provides for cases where it is doubtful what offence has
been committed. If a single act or series of acts is of such nature that it is
doubtful which of several offences the facts, which can be proved will
constitute, the charge can be framed for all offences or alternative charges
can be framed. At the trial, if it is established that the accused has committed
an offence, he may be convicted though he may not have been charged with
the offence.
43.5 Section 222 applies to cases in which the charge is of an offence
which consists of several particulars, a combination of some only of which
constitutes a complete minor offence.
43.6 Section 223 provides for joinder of charges against more than one
accused person in the same trial. It deals with the plurality of persons, who
can be tried together, in other words, the joint trial of more than one person.
43.7 Section 224 deals with withdrawal of remaining charges on
53|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
conviction on one of several charges.
44. Sections 218 to 222 pertain to the joinder of charges against the same
person in the same trial. Section 223 deals with plurality of persons, i.e., more
than one accused in the same trial. We may notice a few decisions of this Court,
to put the application of these provisions, in context.
44.1 In Balbir v. State of Haryana63, a Bench of three learned Judges
observed as under:
“11. …In both the aforesaid clauses the primary condition is that
persons should have been accused either of the same offence or
of different offences “committed in the course of the same
transaction”. The expression advisedly used is “in the course of
the same transaction”. That expression is not akin to saying “in
respect of the same subject-matter”. It is pertinent to point out that
the same expression is employed in Section 220(1) of the Code
also [corresponding to Section 235(1) of the old Code]. The
meaning of the expression “in the course of the same transaction”
used in Section 223 is not materially different from that
expression used in Section 223(1) [sic 235(1)]. It is so understood
by this Court in State of A.P. v. Cheemalapati Ganeswara Rao
[AIR 1963 SC 1850 : (1964) 3 SCR 297] . The following
observation in the said judgment is contextually quotable:
“The series of acts which constitute a transaction
must of necessity be connected with one another and
if some of them stand out independently, they would
not form part of the same transaction but would
constitute a different transaction or transactions.
Therefore, even if the expression ‘same transaction’
alone had been used in Section 235(1) it would have
meant a transaction consisting either of a single act or
of a series of connected acts. The expression ‘same
transaction’ occurring in clauses (a), (c) and (d) of
Section 239 as well as that occurring in Section
235(1) ought to be given the same meaning according
to the normal rule of construction of statutes.”
12. For several offences to be part of the same transaction, the test
which has to be applied is whether they are so related to one
another in point of purpose or of cause and effect, or as principal63
(2000) 1 SCC 285
54|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
and subsidiary, so as to result in one continuous action. Thus,
where there is a commonality of purpose or design, where there
is a continuity of action, then all those persons involved can be
accused of the same or different offences “committed in the
course of the same transaction”.”44.2 In R. Dineshkumar v. State64, this Court considered the aspect of
‘transaction’ in the following terms:
“…19.3. This Court after taking note of the fact that the clause
“same transaction” is not defined under the CrPC opined that the
meaning of the clause should depend upon the facts of each case.
However, this Court indicated that where there is a proximity of
time or place or unity of purpose and design or continuity of
action in respect of a series of acts, it is possible to infer that they
form part of the same transaction. This Court also cautioned that
every one of the abovementioned elements need not co-exist for
a transaction to be regarded as the “same transaction”.
20. According to us, the principle enunciated in Ganeswara Rao
case [AIR 1963 SC 1850 : (1963) 2 Cri LJ 671] is that where
several persons are alleged to have committed several separate
offences, which, however, are not wholly unconnected, then
there may be a joint trial unless such joint trial is likely to cause
either embarrassment or difficulty to the accused in defending
themselves.”44.3 In Nasib Singh v. State of Punjab65, DY Chandrachud, J (as his
Lordship then was) speaking for a three-judge Bench formulated the following
principles in respect of joint or separate trials:
“51.1. Section 218 provides that separate trials shall be conducted
for distinct offences alleged to be committed by a person.
Sections 219-221 provide exceptions to this general rule. If a
person falls under these exceptions, then a joint trial for the
offences which a person is charged with may be conducted.
Similarly, under Section 223, a joint trial may be held for persons
charged with different offences if any of the clauses in the
provision are separately or on a combination satisfied.
51.2. While applying the principles enunciated in Sections 218-
223 on conducting joint and separate trials, the trial court should
64
(2015) 7 SCC 497
65
(2022) 2 SCC 89
55|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
apply a two-pronged test, namely, (i) whether conducting a
joint/separate trial will prejudice the defence of the accused;
and/or (ii) whether conducting a joint/separate trial would cause
judicial delay.
51.3. The possibility of conducting a joint trial will have to be
determined at the beginning of the trial and not after the trial
based on the result of the trial. The appellate court may determine
the validity of the argument that there ought to have been a
separate/joint trial only based on whether the trial had prejudiced
the right of accused or the prosecutrix.
51.4. Since the provisions which engraft an exception use the
phrase “may” with reference to conducting a joint trial, a separate
trial is usually not contrary to law even if a joint trial could be
conducted, unless proven to cause a miscarriage of justice.
51.5. A conviction or acquittal of the accused cannot be set aside
on the mere ground that there was a possibility of a joint or a
separate trial. To set aside the order of conviction or acquittal, it
must be proved that the rights of the parties were prejudiced
because of the joint or separate trial, as the case may be.”
The case of appellant, as is evident from the record, falls under the
latter category, i.e., multiple persons in the same trial (appellant is A-17 out
of a total of 20 accused persons). It has been held that joint or separate trial
is a decision to be taken by the learned trial Judge at the beginning of the
trial considering (a) the possibility of prejudice; and b) causing judicial
delay, if any. Further, the language of Section 223 is directory in nature,
signified by the use of word ‘may’.
45. Naseeb Singh (supra) holds that a separate trial would not be contrary to
law unless a miscarriage of justice can be demonstrated. Similarly, we are of the
view that a joint trial, if held, after having considered the two factors given above,
cannot be said to be ipso facto prejudicial to the parties.
56|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
46. It is alleged that Dinesh Gope (A-6), who is the Chief of PLFI, extorts
money from various persons and that this company (A-20) of which the present
appellant is a director, is used to legitimise the proceeds of such unlawful actions.
The appellant, however, contends that there is no connection between the charges
levied on A-6 and the transactions because of which he has been made an accused,
whereas the Prosecution submits that both A-6 and A-17 are part of the same,
continuing, ongoing transactions. Whether or not actually the case is a question
to be decided on the basis of evidence adduced at trial, and not at this stage, by
this Court. In State of U.P. v. Paras Nath Singh66, the Court observed as under:
“8. …As the provision itself mandates that no finding, sanction
or order by a court of competent jurisdiction becomes invalid
unless it is so that a failure of justice has in fact been occasioned
because of any error, omission or irregularity in the charge
including in misjoinder of charge, obviously, the burden is on the
accused to show that in fact a failure of justice has been
occasioned.”Therefore, we leave it to the appellants to raise this issue before the Trial
Judge, who shall, if such a question is raised, decide it promptly at the appropriate
stage.
ISSUE No. 4 – Whether Section 22A applies to the Appellant?
47. Section 22A of the UAPA reads as under:
“22A. Offences by companies.—
(1) Where an offence under this Act has been committed by a
company, every person (including promoters of the company) who,
at the time the offence was committed, was in charge of, and was
responsible to, the company for the conduct of the business of the
company, as well as the company, shall be deemed to be guilty of66
(2009) 6 SCC 372
57|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished
accordingly:
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any
such person (including promoters) liable to any punishment provided
in this Act, if he proves that the offence was committed without his
knowledge or that he had exercised reasonable care to prevent the
commission of such offence.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where an
offence under this Act has been committed by a company and it is
proved that the offence has been committed with the consent or
connivance of, or is attributable to, any neglect on the part of, any
promoter, director, manager, secretary or other officer of the
company, such promoter, director, manager, secretary or other
officer shall also be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be
liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section,— (a) “company”
means any body corporate and includes a firm or other association
of individuals; and (b) “director”, in relation to a firm, means a
partner in the firm.”
48. For Section 22A to apply :- (a) offence has to committed by a company;
(b) all persons who at the time of the offence were in control of, or responsible
for, the company’s affairs shall be deemed guilty; (c) such person would be saved
from guilt as under (b) if they can demonstrate that such act was (i) not in their
knowledge; (ii) they had taken reasonable care to prevent such offence from
taking place. The section further provides that if it can be proved that the offence
committed by the company was (1) with consent; (2) in connivance of; (3)
attributable to neglect on the part of any promoter, director, manager, secretary or
any other officer of the company, then they shall be held guilty.
49. The case put forward by the appellant is that he, who is allegedly a director
of A-20 is saved by the statutory language which provides that if a person could
demonstrate and prove that the offence was committed without his knowledge, he
58|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
would be exempt from prosecution. This exemption is recognized in other statutes
as well. We may take support of pronouncements of this Court with reference to
Sections 138 and 141 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 188167 since the latter is
similarly worded and phrased.
“141. Offences by companies.—
(1) If the person committing an offence under section 138 is a
company, every person who, at the time the offence was
committed, was in charge of, and was responsible to, the company
for the conduct of the business of the company, as well as the
company, shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be
liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly:
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render
any person liable to punishment if he proves that the offence was
committed without his knowledge, or that he had exercised all due
diligence to prevent the commission of such offence:
Provided further that where a person is nominated as a Director
of a company by virtue of his holding any office or employment
in the Central Government or State Government or a financial
corporation owned or controlled by the Central Government or
the State Government, as the case may be, he shall not be liable
for prosecution under this Chapter.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where
any offence under this Act has been committed by a company and
it is proved that the offence has been committed with the consent
or connivance of, or is attributable to, any neglect on the part of,
any director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company,
such director, manager, secretary or other officer shall also be
deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be
proceeded against and punished accordingly.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, —
(a) “company” means any body corporate and includes a firm or
other association of individuals; and
(b) “director”, in relation to a firm, means a partner in the firm.”
67
‘NI Act’ for short
59|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
49.1 In S.M.S. Pharmaceuticals Ltd. v. Neeta Bhalla68, a Bench of three
Judges held that only a person who is in charge of the affairs of the company,
i.e., a director, manager or secretary and alongside that was connected to the
criminal act being committed, would be liable under this section. Relevant
portion thereof reads thus:
“10. …What is required is that the persons who are sought to be
made criminally liable under Section 141 should be, at the time
the offence was committed, in charge of and responsible to the
company for the conduct of the business of the company. Every
person connected with the company shall not fall within the ambit
of the provision. It is only those persons who were in charge of
and responsible for the conduct of business of the company at the
time of commission of an offence, who will be liable for criminal
action. It follows from this that if a director of a company who
was not in charge of and was not responsible for the conduct of
the business of the company at the relevant time, will not be liable
under the provision. The liability arises from being in charge of
and responsible for the conduct of business of the company at the
relevant time when the offence was committed and not on the
basis of merely holding a designation or office in a company.
Conversely, a person not holding any office or designation in a
company may be liable if he satisfies the main requirement of
being in charge of and responsible for the conduct of business of
a company at the relevant time. Liability depends on the role one
plays in the affairs of a company and not on designation or status.
If being a director or manager or secretary was enough to cast
criminal liability, the section would have said so. Instead of
“every person” the section would have said “every director,
manager or secretary in a company is liable”…, etc. The
legislature is aware that it is a case of criminal liability which
means serious consequences so far as the person sought to be
made liable is concerned. Therefore, only persons who can be said
to be connected with the commission of a crime at the relevant
time have been subjected to action.”49.2 This is the settled position of law which has been subsequently being
reiterated in numerous judgments of this Court. Illustratively, the recent
68
(2005) 8 SCC 89
60|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
judgment in Susela Padmavathy Amma v. Bharti Airtel Ltd.69, referring toS.M.S. Pharmaceuticals (supra) acquitted the appellant therein of the
offences under Section 138 NI Act. Gavai, J., speaking for the Bench held
as under:
“21. It was held that merely because a person is a director of a
company, it is not necessary that he is aware about the day-today
functioning of the company. This Court held that there is no
universal rule that a director of a company is in charge of its
everyday affairs. It was, therefore, necessary, to aver as to how
the director of the company was in charge of day-to-day affairs of
the company or responsible to the affairs of the company. This
Court, however, clarified that the position of a managing director
or a joint managing director in a company may be different. This
Court further held that these persons, as the designation of their
office suggests, are in charge of a company and are responsible
for the conduct of the business of the company. To escape
liability, they will have to prove that when the offence was
committed, they had no knowledge of the offence or that they
exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of the
offence.”[See also: N. Rangachari v. BSNL70; Central Bank of India v. Asian Global
Ltd.71; Gunmala Sales (P) Ltd. v. Anu Mehta72; and Rajesh Viren Shah v.
Redington India Ltd.73]
50. Turning our attention to the facts of the present case once more, we find
that in opposing the stand that he is a director, the appellant submits that he, in
fact, is an uneducated person who is a munshi and whose identity has been stolen
by A-7 & A-14. That being the case, this Court cannot, at this stage, decide
69
2024 SCC OnLine SC 311
70
(2007) 5 SCC 108
71
(2010) 11 SCC 203
72
(2015) 1 SCC 103
73
(2024) 4 SCC 305
61|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
whether Section 22A applies to the appellant or not. This is once again a matter
for evidence.
CONCLUSION
51. Consequent to the discussion made herein above, the conclusions drawn by
this Court in respect of the questions of law for our consideration, are as under:
51.1 The validity of sanction should be challenged at the earliest instance
available, before the Trial Court. If such a challenge is raised at an appellate
stage it would be for the person raising the challenge to justify the reasons
for bringing the same at a belated stage. Such reasons would have to be
considered independently so as to ensure that there is no misuse of the right
of challenge with the aim to stall or delay proceedings.
51.2 The timelines mentioned in Rules 3 & 4 of the 2008 Rules are
couched in mandatory language and, therefore, have to be strictly followed.
This is keeping in view that UAPA being a penal legislation, strict
construction must be accorded to it. Timelines imposed by way of statutory
Rules are a way to keep a check on executive power which is a necessary
position to protect the rights of accused persons. Independent review by both
the authority recommending sanction and the authority granting sanction, are
necessary aspects of compliance with Section 45 of the UAPA.
52. For the next two questions, which depend on analysis of facts for their
62|SLP(CRL)4866/2023
conclusions, their answers are as below :
52.1 Sections 218-222, CrPC, are not violated. In respect of Section 223,
the position of law is the one taken in Paras Nath Singh (supra). Therefore,
this Court prudently leaves it for the Trial Court to decide, if such an issue is
raised before it.
52.2 Whether or not the exemption under Section 22A applies is a matter
to be established by the way of evidence for the person claiming such
exemption has to demonstrate that either he was not in charge of the affairs
of the company which has allegedly committed the offence, or that he had
made reasonable efforts to prevent the commission of the offence. This, once
again, is a matter for the Trial Court to consider and not for this Court to
decide at this stage, keeping in view that the trial is underway and proceeded
substantially.
53. For the reasons afore-stated, the appeal lacks merit and, accordingly, is
dismissed. Pending applications, if any, shall stand disposed of.
….……………………J.
(C.T. RAVIKUMAR)
….……………….…..J.
(SANJAY KAROL)
New Delhi;
September 23, 2024
63|SLP(CRL)4866/2023